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X.509 Reference
===============

.. currentmodule:: cryptography.x509

.. testsetup::

    pem_req_data = b"""
    -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
    MIIC0zCCAbsCAQAwWTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxETAPBgNVBAgMCElsbGlub2lzMRAw
    DgYDVQQHDAdDaGljYWdvMREwDwYDVQQKDAhyNTA5IExMQzESMBAGA1UEAwwJaGVs
    bG8uY29tMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAqhZx+Mo9VRd9
    vsnWWa6NBCws21rZ0+1B/JGgB4hDsZS7iDE4Bj5z4idheFRtl8bBbdjPknq7BfoF
    8v15Zq/Zv7i2xMSDL+LUrTBZezRd4bRTGqCm6YJ5EYkhqdcqeZleHCFImguHoq1J
    Fh0+kObQrTHXw3ZP57a3o1IvyIUA3nNoCBL0QQhwBXaDXOojMKNR+bqB5ve8GS1y
    Elr0AM/+cJsfaIahNQUgFKx3Eu3GeEOMKYOAG1lycgdQdmTUybLrT3U7vkClTseM
    xHg1r5En7ALjONIhqRuq3rddYahrP8HXozb3zUy3cJ7P6IeaosuvNzvMXOX9P6HD
    Ha9urDAJ1wIDAQABoDUwMwYJKoZIhvcNAQkOMSYwJDAiBgNVHREEGzAZggl3b3Js
    ZC5jb22CDHdoYXRldmVyLmNvbTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAS4Ro6h+z52SK
    YSLCYARpnEu/rmh4jdqndt8naqcNb6uLx9mlKZ2W9on9XDjnSdQD9q+ZP5aZfESw
    R0+rJhW9ZrNa/g1pt6M24ihclHYDAxYMWxT1z/TXXGM3TmZZ6gfYlNE1kkBuODHa
    UYsR/1Ht1E1EsmmUimt2n+zQR2K8T9Coa+boaUW/GsTEuz1aaJAkj5ZvTDiIhRG4
    AOCqFZOLAQmCCNgJnnspD9hDz/Ons085LF5wnYjN4/Nsk5tS6AGs3xjZ3jPoOGGn
    82WQ9m4dBGoVDZXsobVTaN592JEYwN5iu72zRn7Einb4V4H5y3yD2dD4yWPlt4pk
    5wFkeYsZEA==
    -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
    """.strip()

    pem_data = b"""
    -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
    MIIDfDCCAmSgAwIBAgIBAjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADBFMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzEf
    MB0GA1UEChMWVGVzdCBDZXJ0aWZpY2F0ZXMgMjAxMTEVMBMGA1UEAxMMVHJ1c3Qg
    QW5jaG9yMB4XDTEwMDEwMTA4MzAwMFoXDTMwMTIzMTA4MzAwMFowQDELMAkGA1UE
    BhMCVVMxHzAdBgNVBAoTFlRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGVzIDIwMTExEDAOBgNVBAMT
    B0dvb2QgQ0EwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCQWJpHYo37
    Xfb7oJSPe+WvfTlzIG21WQ7MyMbGtK/m8mejCzR6c+f/pJhEH/OcDSMsXq8h5kXa
    BGqWK+vSwD/Pzp5OYGptXmGPcthDtAwlrafkGOS4GqIJ8+k9XGKs+vQUXJKsOk47
    RuzD6PZupq4s16xaLVqYbUC26UcY08GpnoLNHJZS/EmXw1ZZ3d4YZjNlpIpWFNHn
    UGmdiGKXUPX/9H0fVjIAaQwjnGAbpgyCumWgzIwPpX+ElFOUr3z7BoVnFKhIXze+
    VmQGSWxZxvWDUN90Ul0tLEpLgk3OVxUB4VUGuf15OJOpgo1xibINPmWt14Vda2N9
    yrNKloJGZNqLAgMBAAGjfDB6MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFOR9X9FclYYILAWuvnW2ZafZ
    XahmMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRYAYQkG7wrUpRKPaUQchRR9a86yTAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMC
    AQYwFwYDVR0gBBAwDjAMBgpghkgBZQMCATABMA8GA1UdEwEB/wQFMAMBAf8wDQYJ
    KoZIhvcNAQELBQADggEBADWHlxbmdTXNwBL/llwhQqwnazK7CC2WsXBBqgNPWj7m
    tvQ+aLG8/50Qc2Sun7o2VnwF9D18UUe8Gj3uPUYH+oSI1vDdyKcjmMbKRU4rk0eo
    3UHNDXwqIVc9CQS9smyV+x1HCwL4TTrq+LXLKx/qVij0Yqk+UJfAtrg2jnYKXsCu
    FMBQQnWCGrwa1g1TphRp/RmYHnMynYFmZrXtzFz+U9XEA7C+gPq4kqDI/iVfIT1s
    6lBtdB50lrDVwl2oYfAvW/6sC2se2QleZidUmrziVNP4oEeXINokU6T6p//HM1FG
    QYw2jOvpKcKtWCSAnegEbgsGYzATKjmPJPJ0npHFqzM=
    -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    """.strip()

    cryptography_cert_pem = b"""
    -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
    MIIFvTCCBKWgAwIBAgICPyAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwRzELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMx
    FjAUBgNVBAoTDUdlb1RydXN0IEluYy4xIDAeBgNVBAMTF1JhcGlkU1NMIFNIQTI1
    NiBDQSAtIEczMB4XDTE0MTAxNTEyMDkzMloXDTE4MTExNjAxMTUwM1owgZcxEzAR
    BgNVBAsTCkdUNDg3NDI5NjUxMTAvBgNVBAsTKFNlZSB3d3cucmFwaWRzc2wuY29t
    L3Jlc291cmNlcy9jcHMgKGMpMTQxLzAtBgNVBAsTJkRvbWFpbiBDb250cm9sIFZh
    bGlkYXRlZCAtIFJhcGlkU1NMKFIpMRwwGgYDVQQDExN3d3cuY3J5cHRvZ3JhcGh5
    LmlvMIICIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAg8AMIICCgKCAgEAom/FebKJIot7Sp3s
    itG1sicpe3thCssjI+g1JDAS7I3GLVNmbms1DOdIIqwf01gZkzzXBN2+9sOnyRaR
    PPfCe1jTr3dk2y6rPE559vPa1nZQkhlzlhMhlPyjaT+S7g4Tio4qV2sCBZU01DZJ
    CaksfohN+5BNVWoJzTbOcrHOEJ+M8B484KlBCiSxqf9cyNQKru4W3bHaCVNVJ8eu
    6i6KyhzLa0L7yK3LXwwXVs583C0/vwFhccGWsFODqD/9xHUzsBIshE8HKjdjDi7Y
    3BFQzVUQFjBB50NSZfAA/jcdt1blxJouc7z9T8Oklh+V5DDBowgAsrT4b6Z2Fq6/
    r7D1GqivLK/ypUQmxq2WXWAUBb/Q6xHgxASxI4Br+CByIUQJsm8L2jzc7k+mF4hW
    ltAIUkbo8fGiVnat0505YJgxWEDKOLc4Gda6d/7GVd5AvKrz242bUqeaWo6e4MTx
    diku2Ma3rhdcr044Qvfh9hGyjqNjvhWY/I+VRWgihU7JrYvgwFdJqsQ5eiKT4OHi
    gsejvWwkZzDtiQ+aQTrzM1FsY2swJBJsLSX4ofohlVRlIJCn/ME+XErj553431Lu
    YQ5SzMd3nXzN78Vj6qzTfMUUY72UoT1/AcFiUMobgIqrrmwuNxfrkbVE2b6Bga74
    FsJX63prvrJ41kuHK/16RQBM7fcCAwEAAaOCAWAwggFcMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFMOc
    8/zTRgg0u85Gf6B8W/PiCMtZMFcGCCsGAQUFBwEBBEswSTAfBggrBgEFBQcwAYYT
    aHR0cDovL2d2LnN5bWNkLmNvbTAmBggrBgEFBQcwAoYaaHR0cDovL2d2LnN5bWNi
    LmNvbS9ndi5jcnQwDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgWgMB0GA1UdJQQWMBQGCCsGAQUFBwMB
    BggrBgEFBQcDAjAvBgNVHREEKDAmghN3d3cuY3J5cHRvZ3JhcGh5Lmlvgg9jcnlw
    dG9ncmFwaHkuaW8wKwYDVR0fBCQwIjAgoB6gHIYaaHR0cDovL2d2LnN5bWNiLmNv
    bS9ndi5jcmwwDAYDVR0TAQH/BAIwADBFBgNVHSAEPjA8MDoGCmCGSAGG+EUBBzYw
    LDAqBggrBgEFBQcCARYeaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmFwaWRzc2wuY29tL2xlZ2FsMA0G
    CSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQAzIYO2jx7h17FBT74tJ2zbV9OKqGb7QF8y3wUtP4xc
    dH80vprI/Cfji8s86kr77aAvAqjDjaVjHn7UzebhSUivvRPmfzRgyWBacomnXTSt
    Xlt2dp2nDQuwGyK2vB7dMfKnQAkxwq1sYUXznB8i0IhhCAoXp01QGPKq51YoIlnF
    7DRMk6iEaL1SJbkIrLsCQyZFDf0xtfW9DqXugMMLoxeCsBhZJQzNyS2ryirrv9LH
    aK3+6IZjrcyy9bkpz/gzJucyhU+75c4My/mnRCrtItRbCQuiI5pd5poDowm+HH9i
    GVI9+0lAFwxOUnOnwsoI40iOoxjLMGB+CgFLKCGUcWxP
    -----END CERTIFICATE-----
    """.strip()

Loading Certificates
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. function:: load_pem_x509_certificate(data, backend)

    .. versionadded:: 0.7

    Deserialize a certificate from PEM encoded data. PEM certificates are
    base64 decoded and have delimiters that look like
    ``-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----``.

    :param bytes data: The PEM encoded certificate data.

    :param backend: A backend supporting the
        :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.backends.interfaces.X509Backend`
        interface.

    :returns: An instance of :class:`~cryptography.x509.Certificate`.

.. function:: load_der_x509_certificate(data, backend)

    .. versionadded:: 0.7

    Deserialize a certificate from DER encoded data. DER is a binary format
    and is commonly found in files with the ``.cer`` extension (although file
    extensions are not a guarantee of encoding type).

    :param bytes data: The DER encoded certificate data.

    :param backend: A backend supporting the
        :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.backends.interfaces.X509Backend`
        interface.

    :returns: An instance of :class:`~cryptography.x509.Certificate`.

.. doctest::

    >>> from cryptography import x509
    >>> from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
    >>> cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(pem_data, default_backend())
    >>> cert.serial
    2

Loading Certificate Signing Requests
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. function:: load_pem_x509_csr(data, backend)

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    Deserialize a certificate signing request (CSR) from PEM encoded data. PEM
    requests are base64 decoded and have delimiters that look like
    ``-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----``. This format is also known as
    PKCS#10.

    :param bytes data: The PEM encoded request data.

    :param backend: A backend supporting the
        :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.backends.interfaces.X509Backend`
        interface.

    :returns: An instance of
        :class:`~cryptography.x509.CertificateSigningRequest`.

.. function:: load_der_x509_csr(data, backend)

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    Deserialize a certificate signing request (CSR) from DER encoded data. DER
    is a binary format and is not commonly used with CSRs.

    :param bytes data: The DER encoded request data.

    :param backend: A backend supporting the
        :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.backends.interfaces.X509Backend`
        interface.

    :returns: An instance of
        :class:`~cryptography.x509.CertificateSigningRequest`.

.. doctest::

    >>> from cryptography import x509
    >>> from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
    >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
    >>> csr = x509.load_pem_x509_csr(pem_req_data, default_backend())
    >>> isinstance(csr.signature_hash_algorithm, hashes.SHA1)
    True

X.509 Certificate Object
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: Certificate

    .. versionadded:: 0.7

    .. attribute:: version

        :type: :class:`~cryptography.x509.Version`

        The certificate version as an enumeration. Version 3 certificates are
        the latest version and also the only type you should see in practice.

        :raises cryptography.x509.InvalidVersion: If the version in the
            certificate is not a known
            :class:`X.509 version <cryptography.x509.Version>`.

        .. doctest::

            >>> cert.version
            <Version.v3: 2>

    .. method:: fingerprint(algorithm)

        :param algorithm: The
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`
            that will be used to generate the fingerprint.

        :return bytes: The fingerprint using the supplied hash algorithm, as
            bytes.

        .. doctest::

            >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
            >>> cert.fingerprint(hashes.SHA256())
            '\x86\xd2\x187Gc\xfc\xe7}[+E9\x8d\xb4\x8f\x10\xe5S\xda\x18u\xbe}a\x03\x08[\xac\xa04?'

    .. attribute:: serial

        :type: int

        The serial as a Python integer.

        .. doctest::

            >>> cert.serial
            2

    .. method:: public_key()

        :type:
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.rsa.RSAPublicKey` or
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dsa.DSAPublicKey` or
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.ec.EllipticCurvePublicKey`

        The public key associated with the certificate.

        .. doctest::

            >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
            >>> public_key = cert.public_key()
            >>> isinstance(public_key, rsa.RSAPublicKey)
            True

    .. attribute:: not_valid_before

        :type: :class:`datetime.datetime`

        A naïve datetime representing the beginning of the validity period for
        the certificate in UTC. This value is inclusive.

        .. doctest::

            >>> cert.not_valid_before
            datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1, 8, 30)

    .. attribute:: not_valid_after

        :type: :class:`datetime.datetime`

        A naïve datetime representing the end of the validity period for the
        certificate in UTC. This value is inclusive.

        .. doctest::

            >>> cert.not_valid_after
            datetime.datetime(2030, 12, 31, 8, 30)

    .. attribute:: issuer

        .. versionadded:: 0.8

        :type: :class:`Name`

        The :class:`Name` of the issuer.

    .. attribute:: subject

        .. versionadded:: 0.8

        :type: :class:`Name`

        The :class:`Name` of the subject.

    .. attribute:: signature_hash_algorithm

        :type: :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`

        Returns the
        :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm` which
        was used in signing this certificate.

        .. doctest::

            >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
            >>> isinstance(cert.signature_hash_algorithm, hashes.SHA256)
            True

    .. attribute:: extensions

        :type: :class:`Extensions`

        The extensions encoded in the certificate.

        :raises cryptography.x509.DuplicateExtension: If more than one
            extension of the same type is found within the certificate.

        :raises cryptography.x509.UnsupportedExtension: If the certificate
            contains an extension that is not supported.

        :raises cryptography.x509.UnsupportedGeneralNameType: If an extension
            contains a general name that is not supported.

        :raises UnicodeError: If an extension contains IDNA encoding that is
            invalid or not compliant with IDNA 2008.

        .. doctest::

            >>> for ext in cert.extensions:
            ...     print(ext)
            <Extension(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.29.35, name=authorityKeyIdentifier)>, critical=False, value=<AuthorityKeyIdentifier(key_identifier='\xe4}_\xd1\\\x95\x86\x08,\x05\xae\xbeu\xb6e\xa7\xd9]\xa8f', authority_cert_issuer=None, authority_cert_serial_number=None)>)>
            <Extension(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.29.14, name=subjectKeyIdentifier)>, critical=False, value=<SubjectKeyIdentifier(digest='X\x01\x84$\x1b\xbc+R\x94J=\xa5\x10r\x14Q\xf5\xaf:\xc9')>)>
            <Extension(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.29.15, name=keyUsage)>, critical=True, value=<KeyUsage(digital_signature=False, content_commitment=False, key_encipherment=False, data_encipherment=False, key_agreement=False, key_cert_sign=True, crl_sign=True, encipher_only=None, decipher_only=None)>)>
            <Extension(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.29.32, name=certificatePolicies)>, critical=False, value=<CertificatePolicies([<PolicyInformation(policy_identifier=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.16.840.1.101.3.2.1.48.1, name=Unknown OID)>, policy_qualifiers=None)>])>)>
            <Extension(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.29.19, name=basicConstraints)>, critical=True, value=<BasicConstraints(ca=True, path_length=None)>)>

    .. method:: public_bytes(encoding)

        .. versionadded:: 1.0

        :param encoding: The
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding`
            that will be used to serialize the certificate.

        :return bytes: The data that can be written to a file or sent
            over the network to be verified by clients.

X.509 CRL (Certificate Revocation List) Object
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: CertificateRevocationList

    .. versionadded:: 1.0

    .. method:: fingerprint(algorithm)

        :param algorithm: The
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`
            that will be used to generate the fingerprint.

        :return bytes: The fingerprint using the supplied hash algorithm, as
            bytes.

    .. attribute:: signature_hash_algorithm

        :type: :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`

        Returns the
        :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm` which
        was used in signing this CRL.

    .. attribute:: issuer

        :type: :class:`Name`

        The :class:`Name` of the issuer.

    .. attribute:: next_update

        :type: :class:`datetime.datetime`

        A naïve datetime representing when the next update to this CRL is
        expected.

    .. attribute:: last_update

        :type: :class:`datetime.datetime`

        A naïve datetime representing when the this CRL was last updated.

    .. attribute:: revoked_certificates

        :type: list of :class:`RevokedCertificate`

        The revoked certificates listed in this CRL.

    .. attribute:: extensions

        :type: :class:`Extensions`

        The extensions encoded in the CRL.

X.509 Certificate Builder
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: CertificateBuilder

    .. method:: version(version)

        Sets the X.509 version that will be used in the certificate.

        :param version: The :class:`~cryptography.x509.Version` that will be
            used by the certificate.

    .. method:: issuer_name(name)

        Sets the issuer's distinguished name.

        :param public_key: The :class:`~cryptography.x509.Name` that describes
            the issuer (CA).

    .. method:: subject_name(name)

        Sets the subject's distinguished name.

        :param public_key: The :class:`~cryptography.x509.Name` that describes
            the subject (requester).

    .. method:: public_key(public_key)

        Sets the subject's public key.

        :param public_key: The subject's public key.

    .. method:: serial_number(serial_number)

        Sets the certificate's serial number (an integer).  The CA's policy
        determines how it attributes serial numbers to certificates.  The only
        requirement is that this number uniquely identify the certificate given
        the issuer.

        :param serial_number: Integer number that will be used by the CA to
            identify this certificate (most notably during certificate
            revocation checking).

    .. method:: not_valid_before(time)

        Sets the certificate's activation time.  This is the time from which
        clients can start trusting the certificate.  It may be different from
        the time at which the certificate was created.

        :param time: The `datetime.datetime` object (in UTC) that marks the
            activation time for the certificate.  The certificate may not be
            trusted clients if it is used before this time.

    .. method:: not_valid_after(time)

        Sets the certificate's expiration time.  This is the time from which
        clients should no longer trust the certificate.  The CA's policy will
        determine how long the certificate should remain in use.

        :param time: The `datetime.datetime` object (in UTC) that marks the
            expiration time for the certificate.  The certificate may not be
            trusted clients if it is used after this time.

    .. method:: add_extension(extension)

        Adds an X.509 extension to the certificate.

        :param extension: The :class:`~cryptography.x509.Extension` to add to
            the certificate.

    .. method:: sign(backend, private_key, algorithm)

        Sign the certificate using the CA's private key.

        :param algorithm: The
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm` that
            will be used to generate the signature.


X.509 CSR (Certificate Signing Request) Object
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: CertificateSigningRequest

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    .. method:: public_key()

        :type:
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.rsa.RSAPublicKey` or
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dsa.DSAPublicKey` or
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.ec.EllipticCurvePublicKey`

        The public key associated with the request.

        .. doctest::

            >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
            >>> public_key = csr.public_key()
            >>> isinstance(public_key, rsa.RSAPublicKey)
            True

    .. attribute:: subject

        :type: :class:`Name`

        The :class:`Name` of the subject.

    .. attribute:: signature_hash_algorithm

        :type: :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`

        Returns the
        :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm` which
        was used in signing this request.

        .. doctest::

            >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
            >>> isinstance(csr.signature_hash_algorithm, hashes.SHA1)
            True

    .. method:: public_bytes(encoding)

        .. versionadded:: 1.0

        :param encoding: The
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding`
            that will be used to serialize the certificate request.

        :return bytes: The data that can be written to a file or sent
            over the network to be signed by the certificate
            authority.

X.509 Revoked Certificate Object
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: RevokedCertificate

    .. versionadded:: 1.0

    .. attribute:: serial_number

        :type: :class:`int`

        An integer representing the serial number of the revoked certificate.

    .. attribute:: revocation_date

        :type: :class:`datetime.datetime`

        A naïve datetime representing the date this certificates was revoked.

    .. attribute:: extensions

        :type: :class:`Extensions`

        The extensions encoded in the revoked certificate.

X.509 CSR (Certificate Signing Request) Builder Object
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: CertificateSigningRequestBuilder

    .. versionadded:: 1.0

    .. doctest::

        >>> from cryptography import x509
        >>> from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
        >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
        >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
        >>> private_key = rsa.generate_private_key(
        ...     public_exponent=65537,
        ...     key_size=2048,
        ...     backend=default_backend()
        ... )
        >>> builder = x509.CertificateSigningRequestBuilder()
        >>> builder = builder.subject_name(x509.Name([
        ...     x509.NameAttribute(x509.OID_COMMON_NAME, u'cryptography.io'),
        ... ]))
        >>> builder = builder.add_extension(
        ...     x509.BasicConstraints(ca=False, path_length=None), critical=True,
        ... )
        >>> request = builder.sign(
        ...     private_key, hashes.SHA256(), default_backend()
        ... )
        >>> isinstance(request, x509.CertificateSigningRequest)
        True

    .. method:: subject_name(name)

        :param name: The :class:`~cryptography.x509.Name` of the certificate
            subject.
        :returns: A new
            :class:`~cryptography.x509.CertificateSigningRequestBuilder`.

    .. method:: add_extension(extension, critical)

        :param extension: The :class:`~cryptography.x509.Extension` to add to
            the request.
        :param critical: Set to `True` if the extension must be understood and
             handled by whoever reads the certificate.
        :returns: A new
            :class:`~cryptography.x509.CertificateSigningRequestBuilder`.

    .. method:: sign(private_key, algorithm, backend)

        :param backend: Backend that will be used to sign the request.
            Must support the
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.backends.interfaces.X509Backend`
            interface.

        :param private_key: The
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.rsa.RSAPrivateKey`,
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dsa.DSAPrivateKey` or
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.ec.EllipticCurvePrivateKey`
            that will be used to sign the request.  When the request is
            signed by a certificate authority, the private key's associated
            public key will be stored in the resulting certificate.

        :param algorithm: The
            :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`
            that will be used to generate the request signature.

        :returns: A new
            :class:`~cryptography.x509.CertificateSigningRequest`.


.. class:: Name

    .. versionadded:: 0.8

    An X509 Name is an ordered list of attributes. The object is iterable to
    get every attribute or you can use :meth:`Name.get_attributes_for_oid` to
    obtain the specific type you want. Names are sometimes represented as a
    slash or comma delimited string (e.g. ``/CN=mydomain.com/O=My Org/C=US`` or
    ``CN=mydomain.com, O=My Org, C=US``).

    .. doctest::

        >>> len(cert.subject)
        3
        >>> for attribute in cert.subject:
        ...     print(attribute)
        <NameAttribute(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.4.6, name=countryName)>, value=u'US')>
        <NameAttribute(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.4.10, name=organizationName)>, value=u'Test Certificates 2011')>
        <NameAttribute(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.4.3, name=commonName)>, value=u'Good CA')>

    .. method:: get_attributes_for_oid(oid)

        :param oid: An :class:`ObjectIdentifier` instance.

        :returns: A list of :class:`NameAttribute` instances that match the
            OID provided. If nothing matches an empty list will be returned.

        .. doctest::

            >>> cert.subject.get_attributes_for_oid(x509.OID_COMMON_NAME)
            [<NameAttribute(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.4.3, name=commonName)>, value=u'Good CA')>]

.. class:: Version

    .. versionadded:: 0.7

    An enumeration for X.509 versions.

    .. attribute:: v1

        For version 1 X.509 certificates.

    .. attribute:: v3

        For version 3 X.509 certificates.

.. class:: NameAttribute

    .. versionadded:: 0.8

    An X.509 name consists of a list of NameAttribute instances.

    .. attribute:: oid

        :type: :class:`ObjectIdentifier`

        The attribute OID.

    .. attribute:: value

        :type: :term:`text`

        The value of the attribute.

.. class:: ObjectIdentifier

    .. versionadded:: 0.8

    Object identifiers (frequently seen abbreviated as OID) identify the type
    of a value (see: :class:`NameAttribute`).

    .. attribute:: dotted_string

        :type: :class:`str`

        The dotted string value of the OID (e.g. ``"2.5.4.3"``)

.. _general_name_classes:

General Name Classes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: GeneralName

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    This is the generic interface that all the following classes are registered
    against.

.. class:: RFC822Name

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    This corresponds to an email address. For example, ``user@example.com``.

    .. attribute:: value

        :type: :term:`text`

.. class:: DNSName

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    This corresponds to a domain name. For example, ``cryptography.io``.

    .. attribute:: value

        :type: :term:`text`

.. class:: DirectoryName

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    This corresponds to a directory name.

    .. attribute:: value

        :type: :class:`Name`

.. class:: UniformResourceIdentifier

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    This corresponds to a uniform resource identifier.  For example,
    ``https://cryptography.io``. The URI is parsed and IDNA decoded (see
    :rfc:`5895`).

    .. note::

        URIs that do not contain ``://`` in them will not be decoded.

    .. attribute:: value

        :type: :term:`text`

.. class:: IPAddress

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    This corresponds to an IP address.

    .. attribute:: value

        :type: :class:`~ipaddress.IPv4Address`,
            :class:`~ipaddress.IPv6Address`,  :class:`~ipaddress.IPv4Network`,
            or :class:`~ipaddress.IPv6Network`.

.. class:: RegisteredID

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    This corresponds to a registered ID.

    .. attribute:: value

        :type: :class:`ObjectIdentifier`

.. class:: OtherName

    .. versionadded:: 1.0

    This corresponds to an ``otherName.``  An ``otherName`` has a type identifier and a value represented in binary DER format.

    .. attribute:: type_id

        :type: :class:`ObjectIdentifier`

    .. attribute:: value

        :type: `bytes`

X.509 Extensions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: Extensions

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    An X.509 Extensions instance is an ordered list of extensions.  The object
    is iterable to get every extension.

    .. method:: get_extension_for_oid(oid)

        :param oid: An :class:`ObjectIdentifier` instance.

        :returns: An instance of the extension class.

        :raises cryptography.x509.ExtensionNotFound: If the certificate does
            not have the extension requested.

        .. doctest::

            >>> cert.extensions.get_extension_for_oid(x509.OID_BASIC_CONSTRAINTS)
            <Extension(oid=<ObjectIdentifier(oid=2.5.29.19, name=basicConstraints)>, critical=True, value=<BasicConstraints(ca=True, path_length=None)>)>

.. class:: Extension

    .. versionadded:: 0.9

    .. attribute:: oid

        :type: :class:`ObjectIdentifier`

        The :ref:`extension OID <extension_oids>`.

    .. attribute:: critical

        :type: bool

        Determines whether a given extension is critical or not. :rfc:`5280`
        requires that "A certificate-using system MUST reject the certificate
        if it encounters a critical extension it does not recognize or a
        critical extension that contains information that it cannot process".

    .. attribute:: value


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