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+/*
+ tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp -- constructors, deconstructors, attribute access,
+ __str__, argument and return value conventions
+
+ Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)
+template <typename... Args>
+using overload_cast_ = pybind11::detail::overload_cast_impl<Args...>;
+#endif
+
+class ExampleMandA {
+public:
+ ExampleMandA() { print_default_created(this); }
+ ExampleMandA(int value) : value(value) { print_created(this, value); }
+ ExampleMandA(const ExampleMandA &e) : value(e.value) { print_copy_created(this); }
+ ExampleMandA(ExampleMandA &&e) : value(e.value) { print_move_created(this); }
+ ~ExampleMandA() { print_destroyed(this); }
+
+ std::string toString() {
+ return "ExampleMandA[value=" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
+ }
+
+ void operator=(const ExampleMandA &e) { print_copy_assigned(this); value = e.value; }
+ void operator=(ExampleMandA &&e) { print_move_assigned(this); value = e.value; }
+
+ void add1(ExampleMandA other) { value += other.value; } // passing by value
+ void add2(ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by reference
+ void add3(const ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by const reference
+ void add4(ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by pointer
+ void add5(const ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by const pointer
+
+ void add6(int other) { value += other; } // passing by value
+ void add7(int &other) { value += other; } // passing by reference
+ void add8(const int &other) { value += other; } // passing by const reference
+ void add9(int *other) { value += *other; } // passing by pointer
+ void add10(const int *other) { value += *other; } // passing by const pointer
+
+ ExampleMandA self1() { return *this; } // return by value
+ ExampleMandA &self2() { return *this; } // return by reference
+ const ExampleMandA &self3() { return *this; } // return by const reference
+ ExampleMandA *self4() { return this; } // return by pointer
+ const ExampleMandA *self5() { return this; } // return by const pointer
+
+ int internal1() { return value; } // return by value
+ int &internal2() { return value; } // return by reference
+ const int &internal3() { return value; } // return by const reference
+ int *internal4() { return &value; } // return by pointer
+ const int *internal5() { return &value; } // return by const pointer
+
+ py::str overloaded() { return "()"; }
+ py::str overloaded(int) { return "(int)"; }
+ py::str overloaded(int, float) { return "(int, float)"; }
+ py::str overloaded(float, int) { return "(float, int)"; }
+ py::str overloaded(int, int) { return "(int, int)"; }
+ py::str overloaded(float, float) { return "(float, float)"; }
+ py::str overloaded(int) const { return "(int) const"; }
+ py::str overloaded(int, float) const { return "(int, float) const"; }
+ py::str overloaded(float, int) const { return "(float, int) const"; }
+ py::str overloaded(int, int) const { return "(int, int) const"; }
+ py::str overloaded(float, float) const { return "(float, float) const"; }
+
+ static py::str overloaded(float) { return "static float"; }
+
+ int value = 0;
+};
+
+struct TestProperties {
+ int value = 1;
+ static int static_value;
+
+ int get() const { return value; }
+ void set(int v) { value = v; }
+
+ static int static_get() { return static_value; }
+ static void static_set(int v) { static_value = v; }
+};
+int TestProperties::static_value = 1;
+
+struct TestPropertiesOverride : TestProperties {
+ int value = 99;
+ static int static_value;
+};
+int TestPropertiesOverride::static_value = 99;
+
+struct TestPropRVP {
+ UserType v1{1};
+ UserType v2{1};
+ static UserType sv1;
+ static UserType sv2;
+
+ const UserType &get1() const { return v1; }
+ const UserType &get2() const { return v2; }
+ UserType get_rvalue() const { return v2; }
+ void set1(int v) { v1.set(v); }
+ void set2(int v) { v2.set(v); }
+};
+UserType TestPropRVP::sv1(1);
+UserType TestPropRVP::sv2(1);
+
+// py::arg/py::arg_v testing: these arguments just record their argument when invoked
+class ArgInspector1 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 1)"; };
+class ArgInspector2 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 2)"; };
+class ArgAlwaysConverts { };
+namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
+template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector1> {
+public:
+ PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector1, _("ArgInspector1"));
+
+ bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+ value.arg = "loading ArgInspector1 argument " +
+ std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed. "
+ "Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
+ return true;
+ }
+
+ static handle cast(const ArgInspector1 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
+ return str(src.arg).release();
+ }
+};
+template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector2> {
+public:
+ PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector2, _("ArgInspector2"));
+
+ bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+ value.arg = "loading ArgInspector2 argument " +
+ std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed. "
+ "Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
+ return true;
+ }
+
+ static handle cast(const ArgInspector2 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
+ return str(src.arg).release();
+ }
+};
+template <> struct type_caster<ArgAlwaysConverts> {
+public:
+ PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgAlwaysConverts, _("ArgAlwaysConverts"));
+
+ bool load(handle, bool convert) {
+ return convert;
+ }
+
+ static handle cast(const ArgAlwaysConverts &, return_value_policy, handle) {
+ return py::none().release();
+ }
+};
+}}
+
+// test_custom_caster_destruction
+class DestructionTester {
+public:
+ DestructionTester() { print_default_created(this); }
+ ~DestructionTester() { print_destroyed(this); }
+ DestructionTester(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_created(this); }
+ DestructionTester(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_created(this); }
+ DestructionTester &operator=(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_assigned(this); return *this; }
+ DestructionTester &operator=(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_assigned(this); return *this; }
+};
+namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
+template <> struct type_caster<DestructionTester> {
+ PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(DestructionTester, _("DestructionTester"));
+ bool load(handle, bool) { return true; }
+
+ static handle cast(const DestructionTester &, return_value_policy, handle) {
+ return py::bool_(true).release();
+ }
+};
+}}
+
+// Test None-allowed py::arg argument policy
+class NoneTester { public: int answer = 42; };
+int none1(const NoneTester &obj) { return obj.answer; }
+int none2(NoneTester *obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
+int none3(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> &obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
+int none4(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> *obj) { return obj && *obj ? (*obj)->answer : -1; }
+int none5(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
+
+struct StrIssue {
+ int val = -1;
+
+ StrIssue() = default;
+ StrIssue(int i) : val{i} {}
+};
+
+// Issues #854, #910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered base class
+class UnregisteredBase {
+public:
+ void do_nothing() const {}
+ void increase_value() { rw_value++; ro_value += 0.25; }
+ void set_int(int v) { rw_value = v; }
+ int get_int() const { return rw_value; }
+ double get_double() const { return ro_value; }
+ int rw_value = 42;
+ double ro_value = 1.25;
+};
+class RegisteredDerived : public UnregisteredBase {
+public:
+ using UnregisteredBase::UnregisteredBase;
+ double sum() const { return rw_value + ro_value; }
+};
+
+TEST_SUBMODULE(methods_and_attributes, m) {
+ // test_methods_and_attributes
+ py::class_<ExampleMandA> emna(m, "ExampleMandA");
+ emna.def(py::init<>())
+ .def(py::init<int>())
+ .def(py::init<const ExampleMandA&>())
+ .def("add1", &ExampleMandA::add1)
+ .def("add2", &ExampleMandA::add2)
+ .def("add3", &ExampleMandA::add3)
+ .def("add4", &ExampleMandA::add4)
+ .def("add5", &ExampleMandA::add5)
+ .def("add6", &ExampleMandA::add6)
+ .def("add7", &ExampleMandA::add7)
+ .def("add8", &ExampleMandA::add8)
+ .def("add9", &ExampleMandA::add9)
+ .def("add10", &ExampleMandA::add10)
+ .def("self1", &ExampleMandA::self1)
+ .def("self2", &ExampleMandA::self2)
+ .def("self3", &ExampleMandA::self3)
+ .def("self4", &ExampleMandA::self4)
+ .def("self5", &ExampleMandA::self5)
+ .def("internal1", &ExampleMandA::internal1)
+ .def("internal2", &ExampleMandA::internal2)
+ .def("internal3", &ExampleMandA::internal3)
+ .def("internal4", &ExampleMandA::internal4)
+ .def("internal5", &ExampleMandA::internal5)
+#if defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)
+ .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded_float", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int >(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+ .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+ .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+ .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+ .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+#else
+ // Use both the traditional static_cast method and the C++11 compatible overload_cast_
+ .def("overloaded", overload_cast_<>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", overload_cast_<int>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", overload_cast_<int, float>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded_float", overload_cast_<float, float>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded_const", overload_cast_<int >()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+ .def("overloaded_const", overload_cast_<int, float>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+ .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+#endif
+ // test_no_mixed_overloads
+ // Raise error if trying to mix static/non-static overloads on the same name:
+ .def_static("add_mixed_overloads1", []() {
+ auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));
+ emna.def ("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def_static("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str ( *)(float )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));
+ })
+ .def_static("add_mixed_overloads2", []() {
+ auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));
+ emna.def_static("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str ( *)(float )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+ .def ("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));
+ })
+ .def("__str__", &ExampleMandA::toString)
+ .def_readwrite("value", &ExampleMandA::value);
+
+ // test_copy_method
+ // Issue #443: can't call copied methods in Python 3
+ emna.attr("add2b") = emna.attr("add2");
+
+ // test_properties, test_static_properties, test_static_cls
+ py::class_<TestProperties>(m, "TestProperties")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestProperties::value)
+ .def_readwrite("def_readwrite", &TestProperties::value)
+ .def_property("def_writeonly", nullptr,
+ [](TestProperties& s,int v) { s.value = v; } )
+ .def_property("def_property_writeonly", nullptr, &TestProperties::set)
+ .def_property_readonly("def_property_readonly", &TestProperties::get)
+ .def_property("def_property", &TestProperties::get, &TestProperties::set)
+ .def_property("def_property_impossible", nullptr, nullptr)
+ .def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
+ .def_readwrite_static("def_readwrite_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
+ .def_property_static("def_writeonly_static", nullptr,
+ [](py::object, int v) { TestProperties::static_value = v; })
+ .def_property_readonly_static("def_property_readonly_static",
+ [](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); })
+ .def_property_static("def_property_writeonly_static", nullptr,
+ [](py::object, int v) { return TestProperties::static_set(v); })
+ .def_property_static("def_property_static",
+ [](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); },
+ [](py::object, int v) { TestProperties::static_set(v); })
+ .def_property_static("static_cls",
+ [](py::object cls) { return cls; },
+ [](py::object cls, py::function f) { f(cls); });
+
+ py::class_<TestPropertiesOverride, TestProperties>(m, "TestPropertiesOverride")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestPropertiesOverride::value)
+ .def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestPropertiesOverride::static_value);
+
+ auto static_get1 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv1; };
+ auto static_get2 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv2; };
+ auto static_set1 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv1.set(v); };
+ auto static_set2 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv2.set(v); };
+ auto rvp_copy = py::return_value_policy::copy;
+
+ // test_property_return_value_policies
+ py::class_<TestPropRVP>(m, "TestPropRVP")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def_property_readonly("ro_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1)
+ .def_property_readonly("ro_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy)
+ .def_property_readonly("ro_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy))
+ .def_property("rw_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1, &TestPropRVP::set1)
+ .def_property("rw_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, &TestPropRVP::set2, rvp_copy)
+ .def_property("rw_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy), &TestPropRVP::set2)
+ .def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_ref", static_get1)
+ .def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_copy", static_get2, rvp_copy)
+ .def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy))
+ .def_property_static("static_rw_ref", static_get1, static_set1)
+ .def_property_static("static_rw_copy", static_get2, static_set2, rvp_copy)
+ .def_property_static("static_rw_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy), static_set2)
+ // test_property_rvalue_policy
+ .def_property_readonly("rvalue", &TestPropRVP::get_rvalue)
+ .def_property_readonly_static("static_rvalue", [](py::object) { return UserType(1); });
+
+ // test_metaclass_override
+ struct MetaclassOverride { };
+ py::class_<MetaclassOverride>(m, "MetaclassOverride", py::metaclass((PyObject *) &PyType_Type))
+ .def_property_readonly_static("readonly", [](py::object) { return 1; });
+
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+ // test_dynamic_attributes
+ class DynamicClass {
+ public:
+ DynamicClass() { print_default_created(this); }
+ ~DynamicClass() { print_destroyed(this); }
+ };
+ py::class_<DynamicClass>(m, "DynamicClass", py::dynamic_attr())
+ .def(py::init());
+
+ class CppDerivedDynamicClass : public DynamicClass { };
+ py::class_<CppDerivedDynamicClass, DynamicClass>(m, "CppDerivedDynamicClass")
+ .def(py::init());
+#endif
+
+ // test_noconvert_args
+ //
+ // Test converting. The ArgAlwaysConverts is just there to make the first no-conversion pass
+ // fail so that our call always ends up happening via the second dispatch (the one that allows
+ // some conversion).
+ class ArgInspector {
+ public:
+ ArgInspector1 f(ArgInspector1 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
+ std::string g(ArgInspector1 a, const ArgInspector1 &b, int c, ArgInspector2 *d, ArgAlwaysConverts) {
+ return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg + "\n" + std::to_string(c) + "\n" + d->arg;
+ }
+ static ArgInspector2 h(ArgInspector2 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
+ };
+ py::class_<ArgInspector>(m, "ArgInspector")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def("f", &ArgInspector::f, py::arg(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
+ .def("g", &ArgInspector::g, "a"_a.noconvert(), "b"_a, "c"_a.noconvert()=13, "d"_a=ArgInspector2(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
+ .def_static("h", &ArgInspector::h, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
+ ;
+ m.def("arg_inspect_func", [](ArgInspector2 a, ArgInspector1 b, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg; },
+ py::arg().noconvert(false), py::arg_v(nullptr, ArgInspector1()).noconvert(true), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts());
+
+ m.def("floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f"));
+ m.def("floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f").noconvert());
+ m.def("ints_preferred", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i"));
+ m.def("ints_only", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i").noconvert());
+
+ // test_bad_arg_default
+ // Issue/PR #648: bad arg default debugging output
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+ m.attr("debug_enabled") = true;
+#else
+ m.attr("debug_enabled") = false;
+#endif
+ m.def("bad_arg_def_named", []{
+ auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");
+ m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg("a") = UnregisteredType());
+ });
+ m.def("bad_arg_def_unnamed", []{
+ auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");
+ m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg() = UnregisteredType());
+ });
+
+ // test_accepts_none
+ py::class_<NoneTester, std::shared_ptr<NoneTester>>(m, "NoneTester")
+ .def(py::init<>());
+ m.def("no_none1", &none1, py::arg().none(false));
+ m.def("no_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(false));
+ m.def("no_none3", &none3, py::arg().none(false));
+ m.def("no_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(false));
+ m.def("no_none5", &none5, py::arg().none(false));
+ m.def("ok_none1", &none1);
+ m.def("ok_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(true));
+ m.def("ok_none3", &none3);
+ m.def("ok_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(true));
+ m.def("ok_none5", &none5);
+
+ // test_str_issue
+ // Issue #283: __str__ called on uninitialized instance when constructor arguments invalid
+ py::class_<StrIssue>(m, "StrIssue")
+ .def(py::init<int>())
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def("__str__", [](const StrIssue &si) {
+ return "StrIssue[" + std::to_string(si.val) + "]"; }
+ );
+
+ // test_unregistered_base_implementations
+ //
+ // Issues #854/910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered
+ // base class The methods and member pointers below actually resolve to members/pointers in
+ // UnregisteredBase; before this test/fix they would be registered via lambda with a first
+ // argument of an unregistered type, and thus uncallable.
+ py::class_<RegisteredDerived>(m, "RegisteredDerived")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def("do_nothing", &RegisteredDerived::do_nothing)
+ .def("increase_value", &RegisteredDerived::increase_value)
+ .def_readwrite("rw_value", &RegisteredDerived::rw_value)
+ .def_readonly("ro_value", &RegisteredDerived::ro_value)
+ // These should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
+ //.def_readwrite("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
+ //.def_readonly("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
+ .def_property("rw_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_int, &RegisteredDerived::set_int)
+ .def_property_readonly("ro_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_double)
+ // This one is in the registered class:
+ .def("sum", &RegisteredDerived::sum)
+ ;
+
+ using Adapted = decltype(py::method_adaptor<RegisteredDerived>(&RegisteredDerived::do_nothing));
+ static_assert(std::is_same<Adapted, void (RegisteredDerived::*)() const>::value, "");
+
+ // test_custom_caster_destruction
+ // Test that `take_ownership` works on types with a custom type caster when given a pointer
+
+ // default policy: don't take ownership:
+ m.def("custom_caster_no_destroy", []() { static auto *dt = new DestructionTester(); return dt; });
+
+ m.def("custom_caster_destroy", []() { return new DestructionTester(); },
+ py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Takes ownership: destroy when finished
+ m.def("custom_caster_destroy_const", []() -> const DestructionTester * { return new DestructionTester(); },
+ py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Likewise (const doesn't inhibit destruction)
+ m.def("destruction_tester_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<DestructionTester>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+}