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diff --git a/backends/cxxrtl/cxxrtl_vcd.h b/backends/cxxrtl/cxxrtl_vcd.h
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+/*
+ * yosys -- Yosys Open SYnthesis Suite
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 whitequark <whitequark@whitequark.org>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef CXXRTL_VCD_H
+#define CXXRTL_VCD_H
+
+#include <backends/cxxrtl/cxxrtl.h>
+
+namespace cxxrtl {
+
+class vcd_writer {
+ struct variable {
+ size_t ident;
+ size_t width;
+ chunk_t *curr;
+ size_t prev_off;
+ };
+
+ std::vector<std::string> current_scope;
+ std::vector<variable> variables;
+ std::vector<chunk_t> cache;
+ std::map<chunk_t*, size_t> aliases;
+ bool streaming = false;
+
+ void emit_timescale(unsigned number, const std::string &unit) {
+ assert(!streaming);
+ assert(number == 1 || number == 10 || number == 100);
+ assert(unit == "s" || unit == "ms" || unit == "us" ||
+ unit == "ns" || unit == "ps" || unit == "fs");
+ buffer += "$timescale " + std::to_string(number) + " " + unit + " $end\n";
+ }
+
+ void emit_scope(const std::vector<std::string> &scope) {
+ assert(!streaming);
+ while (current_scope.size() > scope.size() ||
+ (current_scope.size() > 0 &&
+ current_scope[current_scope.size() - 1] != scope[current_scope.size() - 1])) {
+ buffer += "$upscope $end\n";
+ current_scope.pop_back();
+ }
+ while (current_scope.size() < scope.size()) {
+ buffer += "$scope module " + scope[current_scope.size()] + " $end\n";
+ current_scope.push_back(scope[current_scope.size()]);
+ }
+ }
+
+ void emit_ident(size_t ident) {
+ do {
+ buffer += '!' + ident % 94; // "base94"
+ ident /= 94;
+ } while (ident != 0);
+ }
+
+ void emit_var(const variable &var, const std::string &type, const std::string &name,
+ size_t lsb_at, bool multipart) {
+ assert(!streaming);
+ buffer += "$var " + type + " " + std::to_string(var.width) + " ";
+ emit_ident(var.ident);
+ buffer += " " + name;
+ if (multipart || name.back() == ']' || lsb_at != 0) {
+ if (var.width == 1)
+ buffer += " [" + std::to_string(lsb_at) + "]";
+ else
+ buffer += " [" + std::to_string(lsb_at + var.width - 1) + ":" + std::to_string(lsb_at) + "]";
+ }
+ buffer += " $end\n";
+ }
+
+ void emit_enddefinitions() {
+ assert(!streaming);
+ buffer += "$enddefinitions $end\n";
+ streaming = true;
+ }
+
+ void emit_time(uint64_t timestamp) {
+ assert(streaming);
+ buffer += "#" + std::to_string(timestamp) + "\n";
+ }
+
+ void emit_scalar(const variable &var) {
+ assert(streaming);
+ assert(var.width == 1);
+ buffer += (*var.curr ? '1' : '0');
+ emit_ident(var.ident);
+ buffer += '\n';
+ }
+
+ void emit_vector(const variable &var) {
+ assert(streaming);
+ buffer += 'b';
+ for (size_t bit = var.width - 1; bit != (size_t)-1; bit--) {
+ bool bit_curr = var.curr[bit / (8 * sizeof(chunk_t))] & (1 << (bit % (8 * sizeof(chunk_t))));
+ buffer += (bit_curr ? '1' : '0');
+ }
+ buffer += ' ';
+ emit_ident(var.ident);
+ buffer += '\n';
+ }
+
+ const variable &register_variable(size_t width, chunk_t *curr, bool constant = false) {
+ if (aliases.count(curr)) {
+ return variables[aliases[curr]];
+ } else {
+ const size_t chunks = (width + (sizeof(chunk_t) * 8 - 1)) / (sizeof(chunk_t) * 8);
+ aliases[curr] = variables.size();
+ if (constant) {
+ variables.emplace_back(variable { variables.size(), width, curr, (size_t)-1 });
+ } else {
+ variables.emplace_back(variable { variables.size(), width, curr, cache.size() });
+ cache.insert(cache.end(), &curr[0], &curr[chunks]);
+ }
+ return variables.back();
+ }
+ }
+
+ bool test_variable(const variable &var) {
+ if (var.prev_off == (size_t)-1)
+ return false; // constant
+ const size_t chunks = (var.width + (sizeof(chunk_t) * 8 - 1)) / (sizeof(chunk_t) * 8);
+ if (std::equal(&var.curr[0], &var.curr[chunks], &cache[var.prev_off])) {
+ return false;
+ } else {
+ std::copy(&var.curr[0], &var.curr[chunks], &cache[var.prev_off]);
+ return true;
+ }
+ }
+
+ static std::vector<std::string> split_hierarchy(const std::string &hier_name) {
+ std::vector<std::string> hierarchy;
+ size_t prev = 0;
+ while (true) {
+ size_t curr = hier_name.find_first_of(' ', prev);
+ if (curr == std::string::npos) {
+ hierarchy.push_back(hier_name.substr(prev));
+ break;
+ } else {
+ hierarchy.push_back(hier_name.substr(prev, curr - prev));
+ prev = curr + 1;
+ }
+ }
+ return hierarchy;
+ }
+
+public:
+ std::string buffer;
+
+ void timescale(unsigned number, const std::string &unit) {
+ emit_timescale(number, unit);
+ }
+
+ void add(const std::string &hier_name, const debug_item &item, bool multipart = false) {
+ std::vector<std::string> scope = split_hierarchy(hier_name);
+ std::string name = scope.back();
+ scope.pop_back();
+
+ emit_scope(scope);
+ switch (item.type) {
+ // Not the best naming but oh well...
+ case debug_item::VALUE:
+ emit_var(register_variable(item.width, item.curr, /*constant=*/item.next == nullptr),
+ "wire", name, item.lsb_at, multipart);
+ break;
+ case debug_item::WIRE:
+ emit_var(register_variable(item.width, item.curr),
+ "reg", name, item.lsb_at, multipart);
+ break;
+ case debug_item::MEMORY: {
+ const size_t stride = (item.width + (sizeof(chunk_t) * 8 - 1)) / (sizeof(chunk_t) * 8);
+ for (size_t index = 0; index < item.depth; index++) {
+ chunk_t *nth_curr = &item.curr[stride * index];
+ std::string nth_name = name + '[' + std::to_string(index) + ']';
+ emit_var(register_variable(item.width, nth_curr),
+ "reg", nth_name, item.lsb_at, multipart);
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ case debug_item::ALIAS:
+ // Like VALUE, but, even though `item.next == nullptr` always holds, the underlying value
+ // can actually change, and must be tracked. In most cases the VCD identifier will be
+ // unified with the aliased reg, but we should handle the case where only the alias is
+ // added to the VCD writer, too.
+ emit_var(register_variable(item.width, item.curr),
+ "wire", name, item.lsb_at, multipart);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ template<class Filter>
+ void add(const debug_items &items, const Filter &filter) {
+ // `debug_items` is a map, so the items are already sorted in an order optimal for emitting
+ // VCD scope sections.
+ for (auto &it : items.table)
+ for (auto &part : it.second)
+ if (filter(it.first, part))
+ add(it.first, part, it.second.size() > 1);
+ }
+
+ void add(const debug_items &items) {
+ this->template add(items, [](const std::string &, const debug_item &) {
+ return true;
+ });
+ }
+
+ void add_without_memories(const debug_items &items) {
+ this->template add(items, [](const std::string &, const debug_item &item) {
+ return item.type != debug_item::MEMORY;
+ });
+ }
+
+ void sample(uint64_t timestamp) {
+ bool first_sample = !streaming;
+ if (first_sample) {
+ emit_scope({});
+ emit_enddefinitions();
+ }
+ emit_time(timestamp);
+ for (auto var : variables)
+ if (test_variable(var) || first_sample) {
+ if (var.width == 1)
+ emit_scalar(var);
+ else
+ emit_vector(var);
+ }
+ }
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif