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.. hazmat::
Message Digests
===============
.. currentmodule:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes
.. class:: Hash(algorithm, backend)
A cryptographic hash function takes an arbitrary block of data and
calculates a fixed-size bit string (a digest), such that different data
results (with a high probability) in different digests.
This is an implementation of
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.interfaces.HashContext` meant to
be used with
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.interfaces.HashAlgorithm`
implementations to provide an incremental interface to calculating
various message digests.
.. doctest::
>>> from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
>>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
>>> digest = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256(), backend=default_backend())
>>> digest.update(b"abc")
>>> digest.update(b"123")
>>> digest.finalize()
'l\xa1=R\xcap\xc8\x83\xe0\xf0\xbb\x10\x1eBZ\x89\xe8bM\xe5\x1d\xb2\xd29%\x93\xafj\x84\x11\x80\x90'
If the backend doesn't support the requested ``algorithm`` an
:class:`~cryptography.exceptions.UnsupportedAlgorithm` will be raised.
Keep in mind that attacks against cryptographic hashes only get stronger
with time, and that often algorithms that were once thought to be strong,
become broken. Because of this it's important to include a plan for
upgrading the hash algorithm you use over time. For more information, see
`Lifetimes of cryptographic hash functions`_.
:param algorithm: A
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.interfaces.HashAlgorithm`
provider such as those described in
:ref:`below <cryptographic-hash-algorithms>`.
:param backend: A
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.backends.interfaces.HashBackend`
provider.
.. method:: update(data)
:param bytes data: The bytes you wish to hash.
:raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: See :meth:`finalize`
.. method:: copy()
Copy this :class:`Hash` instance, usually so that we may call
:meth:`finalize` and get an intermediate digest value while we continue
to call :meth:`update` on the original.
:return: A new instance of :class:`Hash` which can be updated
and finalized independently of the original instance.
:raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: See :meth:`finalize`
.. method:: finalize()
Finalize the current context and return the message digest as bytes.
Once ``finalize`` is called this object can no longer be used and
:meth:`update`, :meth:`copy`, and :meth:`finalize` will raise
:class:`~cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized`.
:return bytes: The message digest as bytes.
.. _cryptographic-hash-algorithms:
SHA-1
~~~~~
.. attention::
NIST has deprecated SHA-1 in favor of the SHA-2 variants. New applications
are strongly suggested to use SHA-2 over SHA-1.
.. class:: SHA1()
SHA-1 is a cryptographic hash function standardized by NIST. It has a
160-bit message digest.
SHA-2 Family
~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: SHA224()
SHA-224 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and
standardized by NIST. It has a 224-bit message digest.
.. class:: SHA256()
SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and
standardized by NIST. It has a 256-bit message digest.
.. class:: SHA384()
SHA-384 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and
standardized by NIST. It has a 384-bit message digest.
.. class:: SHA512()
SHA-512 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and
standardized by NIST. It has a 512-bit message digest.
RIPEMD160
~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: RIPEMD160()
RIPEMD160 is a cryptographic hash function that is part of ISO/IEC
10118-3:2004. It has a 160-bit message digest.
Whirlpool
~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: Whirlpool()
Whirlpool is a cryptographic hash function that is part of ISO/IEC
10118-3:2004. It has a 512-bit message digest.
MD5
~~~
.. warning::
MD5 is a deprecated hash algorithm that has practical known collision
attacks. You are strongly discouraged from using it. Existing applications
should strongly consider moving away.
.. class:: MD5()
MD5 is a deprecated cryptographic hash function. It has a 128-bit message
digest and has practical known collision attacks.
.. _`Lifetimes of cryptographic hash functions`: http://valerieaurora.org/hash.html
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