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author | gatecat <gatecat@ds0.me> | 2022-09-14 09:28:47 +0200 |
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committer | gatecat <gatecat@ds0.me> | 2022-09-14 09:28:47 +0200 |
commit | a72f898ff4c4237424c468044a6db9d6953b541e (patch) | |
tree | 1c4a543f661dd1b281aecf4660388491702fa8d8 /3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast | |
parent | f1349e114f3a16ccd002e8513339e18f5be4d31b (diff) | |
download | nextpnr-a72f898ff4c4237424c468044a6db9d6953b541e.tar.gz nextpnr-a72f898ff4c4237424c468044a6db9d6953b541e.tar.bz2 nextpnr-a72f898ff4c4237424c468044a6db9d6953b541e.zip |
3rdparty: Bump vendored pybind11 version for py3.11 support
Signed-off-by: gatecat <gatecat@ds0.me>
Diffstat (limited to '3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast')
-rw-r--r-- | 3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst | 8 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | 3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst | 6 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | 3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst | 181 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | 3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst | 19 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | 3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst | 51 |
5 files changed, 134 insertions, 131 deletions
diff --git a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst index a779444c..8138cac6 100644 --- a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst +++ b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst @@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ The following Python snippet demonstrates the intended usage from the Python sid def __int__(self): return 123 + from example import print + print(A()) To register the necessary conversion routines, it is necessary to add an @@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ type is explicitly allowed. .. code-block:: cpp - namespace pybind11 { namespace detail { + namespace PYBIND11_NAMESPACE { namespace detail { template <> struct type_caster<inty> { public: /** @@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ type is explicitly allowed. * function signatures and declares a local variable * 'value' of type inty */ - PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(inty, _("inty")); + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(inty, const_name("inty")); /** * Conversion part 1 (Python->C++): convert a PyObject into a inty @@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ type is explicitly allowed. return PyLong_FromLong(src.long_value); } }; - }} // namespace pybind11::detail + }} // namespace PYBIND11_NAMESPACE::detail .. note:: diff --git a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst index e01472d5..a5c11a3f 100644 --- a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst +++ b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ can be mapped *and* if the numpy array is writeable (that is the passed variable will be transparently carried out directly on the ``numpy.ndarray``. -This means you can can write code such as the following and have it work as +This means you can write code such as the following and have it work as expected: .. code-block:: cpp @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ example: .. code-block:: python a = MyClass() - m = a.get_matrix() # flags.writeable = True, flags.owndata = False + m = a.get_matrix() # flags.writeable = True, flags.owndata = False v = a.view_matrix() # flags.writeable = False, flags.owndata = False c = a.copy_matrix() # flags.writeable = True, flags.owndata = True # m[5,6] and v[5,6] refer to the same element, c[5,6] does not. @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ adding the ``order='F'`` option when creating an array: .. code-block:: python - myarray = np.array(source, order='F') + myarray = np.array(source, order="F") Such an object will be passable to a bound function accepting an ``Eigen::Ref<MatrixXd>`` (or similar column-major Eigen type). diff --git a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst index b0e32a52..011bd4c7 100644 --- a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst +++ b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst @@ -75,91 +75,96 @@ The following basic data types are supported out of the box (some may require an additional extension header to be included). To pass other data structures as arguments and return values, refer to the section on binding :ref:`classes`. -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| Data type | Description | Header file | -+====================================+===========================+===============================+ -| ``int8_t``, ``uint8_t`` | 8-bit integers | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``int16_t``, ``uint16_t`` | 16-bit integers | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``int32_t``, ``uint32_t`` | 32-bit integers | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``int64_t``, ``uint64_t`` | 64-bit integers | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``ssize_t``, ``size_t`` | Platform-dependent size | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``float``, ``double`` | Floating point types | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``bool`` | Two-state Boolean type | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``char`` | Character literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``char16_t`` | UTF-16 character literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``char32_t`` | UTF-32 character literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``wchar_t`` | Wide character literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``const char *`` | UTF-8 string literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``const char16_t *`` | UTF-16 string literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``const char32_t *`` | UTF-32 string literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``const wchar_t *`` | Wide string literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::string`` | STL dynamic UTF-8 string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::u16string`` | STL dynamic UTF-16 string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::u32string`` | STL dynamic UTF-32 string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::wstring`` | STL dynamic wide string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::string_view``, | STL C++17 string views | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -| ``std::u16string_view``, etc. | | | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::pair<T1, T2>`` | Pair of two custom types | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::tuple<...>`` | Arbitrary tuple of types | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::reference_wrapper<...>`` | Reference type wrapper | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::complex<T>`` | Complex numbers | :file:`pybind11/complex.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::array<T, Size>`` | STL static array | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::vector<T>`` | STL dynamic array | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::deque<T>`` | STL double-ended queue | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::valarray<T>`` | STL value array | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::list<T>`` | STL linked list | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::map<T1, T2>`` | STL ordered map | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::unordered_map<T1, T2>`` | STL unordered map | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::set<T>`` | STL ordered set | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::unordered_set<T>`` | STL unordered set | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::optional<T>`` | STL optional type (C++17) | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::experimental::optional<T>`` | STL optional type (exp.) | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::variant<...>`` | Type-safe union (C++17) | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::function<...>`` | STL polymorphic function | :file:`pybind11/functional.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::chrono::duration<...>`` | STL time duration | :file:`pybind11/chrono.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``std::chrono::time_point<...>`` | STL date/time | :file:`pybind11/chrono.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``Eigen::Matrix<...>`` | Eigen: dense matrix | :file:`pybind11/eigen.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``Eigen::Map<...>`` | Eigen: mapped memory | :file:`pybind11/eigen.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ -| ``Eigen::SparseMatrix<...>`` | Eigen: sparse matrix | :file:`pybind11/eigen.h` | -+------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+ ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| Data type | Description | Header file | ++====================================+===========================+===================================+ +| ``int8_t``, ``uint8_t`` | 8-bit integers | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``int16_t``, ``uint16_t`` | 16-bit integers | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``int32_t``, ``uint32_t`` | 32-bit integers | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``int64_t``, ``uint64_t`` | 64-bit integers | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``ssize_t``, ``size_t`` | Platform-dependent size | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``float``, ``double`` | Floating point types | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``bool`` | Two-state Boolean type | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``char`` | Character literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``char16_t`` | UTF-16 character literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``char32_t`` | UTF-32 character literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``wchar_t`` | Wide character literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``const char *`` | UTF-8 string literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``const char16_t *`` | UTF-16 string literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``const char32_t *`` | UTF-32 string literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``const wchar_t *`` | Wide string literal | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::string`` | STL dynamic UTF-8 string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::u16string`` | STL dynamic UTF-16 string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::u32string`` | STL dynamic UTF-32 string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::wstring`` | STL dynamic wide string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::string_view``, | STL C++17 string views | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | +| ``std::u16string_view``, etc. | | | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::pair<T1, T2>`` | Pair of two custom types | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::tuple<...>`` | Arbitrary tuple of types | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::reference_wrapper<...>`` | Reference type wrapper | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::complex<T>`` | Complex numbers | :file:`pybind11/complex.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::array<T, Size>`` | STL static array | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::vector<T>`` | STL dynamic array | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::deque<T>`` | STL double-ended queue | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::valarray<T>`` | STL value array | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::list<T>`` | STL linked list | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::map<T1, T2>`` | STL ordered map | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::unordered_map<T1, T2>`` | STL unordered map | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::set<T>`` | STL ordered set | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::unordered_set<T>`` | STL unordered set | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::optional<T>`` | STL optional type (C++17) | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::experimental::optional<T>`` | STL optional type (exp.) | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::variant<...>`` | Type-safe union (C++17) | :file:`pybind11/stl.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::filesystem::path<T>`` | STL path (C++17) [#]_ | :file:`pybind11/stl/filesystem.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::function<...>`` | STL polymorphic function | :file:`pybind11/functional.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::chrono::duration<...>`` | STL time duration | :file:`pybind11/chrono.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``std::chrono::time_point<...>`` | STL date/time | :file:`pybind11/chrono.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``Eigen::Matrix<...>`` | Eigen: dense matrix | :file:`pybind11/eigen.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``Eigen::Map<...>`` | Eigen: mapped memory | :file:`pybind11/eigen.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +| ``Eigen::SparseMatrix<...>`` | Eigen: sparse matrix | :file:`pybind11/eigen.h` | ++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+ + +.. [#] ``std::filesystem::path`` is converted to ``pathlib.Path`` and + ``os.PathLike`` is converted to ``std::filesystem::path``. diff --git a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst index 70fde0d2..03d49b29 100644 --- a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst +++ b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ types: .. code-block:: cpp // `boost::optional` as an example -- can be any `std::optional`-like container - namespace pybind11 { namespace detail { + namespace PYBIND11_NAMESPACE { namespace detail { template <typename T> struct type_caster<boost::optional<T>> : optional_caster<boost::optional<T>> {}; }} @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ for custom variant types: .. code-block:: cpp // `boost::variant` as an example -- can be any `std::variant`-like container - namespace pybind11 { namespace detail { + namespace PYBIND11_NAMESPACE { namespace detail { template <typename... Ts> struct type_caster<boost::variant<Ts...>> : variant_caster<boost::variant<Ts...>> {}; @@ -66,18 +66,27 @@ for custom variant types: return boost::apply_visitor(args...); } }; - }} // namespace pybind11::detail + }} // namespace PYBIND11_NAMESPACE::detail The ``visit_helper`` specialization is not required if your ``name::variant`` provides a ``name::visit()`` function. For any other function name, the specialization must be included to tell pybind11 how to visit the variant. +.. warning:: + + When converting a ``variant`` type, pybind11 follows the same rules as when + determining which function overload to call (:ref:`overload_resolution`), and + so the same caveats hold. In particular, the order in which the ``variant``'s + alternatives are listed is important, since pybind11 will try conversions in + this order. This means that, for example, when converting ``variant<int, bool>``, + the ``bool`` variant will never be selected, as any Python ``bool`` is already + an ``int`` and is convertible to a C++ ``int``. Changing the order of alternatives + (and using ``variant<bool, int>``, in this example) provides a solution. + .. note:: pybind11 only supports the modern implementation of ``boost::variant`` which makes use of variadic templates. This requires Boost 1.56 or newer. - Additionally, on Windows, MSVC 2017 is required because ``boost::variant`` - falls back to the old non-variadic implementation on MSVC 2015. .. _opaque: diff --git a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst index e25701ec..e246c521 100644 --- a/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst +++ b/3rdparty/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst @@ -1,14 +1,6 @@ Strings, bytes and Unicode conversions ###################################### -.. note:: - - This section discusses string handling in terms of Python 3 strings. For - Python 2.7, replace all occurrences of ``str`` with ``unicode`` and - ``bytes`` with ``str``. Python 2.7 users may find it best to use ``from - __future__ import unicode_literals`` to avoid unintentionally using ``str`` - instead of ``unicode``. - Passing Python strings to C++ ============================= @@ -36,13 +28,13 @@ everywhere <http://utf8everywhere.org/>`_. } ); -.. code-block:: python +.. code-block:: pycon - >>> utf8_test('🎂') + >>> utf8_test("🎂") utf-8 is icing on the cake. 🎂 - >>> utf8_charptr('🍕') + >>> utf8_charptr("🍕") My favorite food is 🍕 @@ -58,9 +50,9 @@ Passing bytes to C++ -------------------- A Python ``bytes`` object will be passed to C++ functions that accept -``std::string`` or ``char*`` *without* conversion. On Python 3, in order to -make a function *only* accept ``bytes`` (and not ``str``), declare it as taking -a ``py::bytes`` argument. +``std::string`` or ``char*`` *without* conversion. In order to make a function +*only* accept ``bytes`` (and not ``str``), declare it as taking a ``py::bytes`` +argument. Returning C++ strings to Python @@ -80,7 +72,7 @@ raise a ``UnicodeDecodeError``. } ); -.. code-block:: python +.. code-block:: pycon >>> isinstance(example.std_string_return(), str) True @@ -114,7 +106,7 @@ conversion has the same overhead as implicit conversion. } ); -.. code-block:: python +.. code-block:: pycon >>> str_output() 'Send your résumé to Alice in HR' @@ -143,7 +135,7 @@ returned to Python as ``bytes``, then one can return the data as a } ); -.. code-block:: python +.. code-block:: pycon >>> example.return_bytes() b'\xba\xd0\xba\xd0' @@ -160,7 +152,7 @@ encoding, but cannot convert ``std::string`` back to ``bytes`` implicitly. } ); -.. code-block:: python +.. code-block:: pycon >>> isinstance(example.asymmetry(b"have some bytes"), str) True @@ -204,11 +196,6 @@ decoded to Python ``str``. } ); -.. warning:: - - Wide character strings may not work as described on Python 2.7 or Python - 3.3 compiled with ``--enable-unicode=ucs2``. - Strings in multibyte encodings such as Shift-JIS must transcoded to a UTF-8/16/32 before being returned to Python. @@ -229,16 +216,16 @@ character. m.def("pass_char", [](char c) { return c; }); m.def("pass_wchar", [](wchar_t w) { return w; }); -.. code-block:: python +.. code-block:: pycon - >>> example.pass_char('A') + >>> example.pass_char("A") 'A' While C++ will cast integers to character types (``char c = 0x65;``), pybind11 does not convert Python integers to characters implicitly. The Python function ``chr()`` can be used to convert integers to characters. -.. code-block:: python +.. code-block:: pycon >>> example.pass_char(0x65) TypeError @@ -259,17 +246,17 @@ a combining acute accent). The combining character will be lost if the two-character sequence is passed as an argument, even though it renders as a single grapheme. -.. code-block:: python +.. code-block:: pycon - >>> example.pass_wchar('é') + >>> example.pass_wchar("é") 'é' - >>> combining_e_acute = 'e' + '\u0301' + >>> combining_e_acute = "e" + "\u0301" >>> combining_e_acute 'é' - >>> combining_e_acute == 'é' + >>> combining_e_acute == "é" False >>> example.pass_wchar(combining_e_acute) @@ -278,9 +265,9 @@ single grapheme. Normalizing combining characters before passing the character literal to C++ may resolve *some* of these issues: -.. code-block:: python +.. code-block:: pycon - >>> example.pass_wchar(unicodedata.normalize('NFC', combining_e_acute)) + >>> example.pass_wchar(unicodedata.normalize("NFC", combining_e_acute)) 'é' In some languages (Thai for example), there are `graphemes that cannot be |